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8.3 常用查詢的例子

下面是一些學習如何用MySQL解決一些常見問題的例子。

一些例子使用資料庫表“shop”,包含某個商人的每篇文章(物品號)的價格。假定每個商人的每篇文章有一個單獨的固定價格,那麼(物品,商人)是記錄的主鍵。

你能這樣創建例子資料庫表:

CREATE TABLE shop (
 article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
 dealer  CHAR(20)                 DEFAULT ''     NOT NULL,
 price   DOUBLE(16,2)             DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));

INSERT INTO shop VALUES
(1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),(3,'C',1.69),
(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);

好了,例子數據是這樣的:

SELECT * FROM shop

+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
|    0001 | A      |  3.45 |
|    0001 | B      |  3.99 |
|    0002 | A      | 10.99 |
|    0003 | B      |  1.45 |
|    0003 | C      |  1.69 |
|    0003 | D      |  1.25 |
|    0004 | D      | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+

8.3.1 列的最大值

“最大的物品號是什麼?”

SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop

+---------+
| article |
+---------+
|       4 |
+---------+

8.3.2 擁有某個列的最大值的行

“找出最貴的文章的編號、商人和價格”

在ANSI-SQL中這很容易用一個子查詢做到:

SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM   shop
WHERE  price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop)

MySQL中(還沒有子查詢)就用2步做到:

  1. 用一個SELECT語句從表中得到最大值。
  2. 使用該值編出實際的查詢:
    SELECT article, dealer, price
    FROM   shop
    WHERE  price=19.95
    

另一個解決方案是按價格降序排序所有行並用MySQL特定LIMIT子句只得到的第一行:

SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM   shop
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 1

注意:如果有多個最貴的文章( 例如每個19.95),LIMIT解決方案僅僅顯示他們之一!

8.3.3 列的最大值:按組:只有值

“每篇文章的最高的價格是什麼?”

SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price
FROM   shop
GROUP BY article

+---------+-------+
| article | price |
+---------+-------+
|    0001 |  3.99 |
|    0002 | 10.99 |
|    0003 |  1.69 |
|    0004 | 19.95 |
+---------+-------+

8.3.4 擁有某個字段的組間最大值的行

“對每篇文章,找出有最貴的價格的交易者。”

ANSI SQL中,我可以用這樣一個子查詢做到:

SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM   shop s1
WHERE  price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price)
              FROM shop s2
              WHERE s1.article = s2.article)

MySQL中,最好是分幾步做到:

  1. 得到一個表(文章,maxprice)。見8.3.4 擁有某個域的組間最大值的行
  2. 對每篇文章,得到對應於儲存最大價格的行。

這可以很容易用一個臨時表做到:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp (
        article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
        price   DOUBLE(16,2)             DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL);

LOCK TABLES article read;

INSERT INTO tmp SELECT article, MAX(price) FROM shop GROUP BY article;

SELECT article, dealer, price FROM shop, tmp
WHERE shop.article=tmp.articel AND shop.price=tmp.price;

UNLOCK TABLES;

DROP TABLE tmp;

如果你不使用一個TEMPORARY表,你也必須鎖定“tmp”表。

“它能一個單個查詢做到嗎?”

是的,但是只有使用我稱之為“MAX-CONCAT詭計”的一個相當低效的詭計:

SELECT article,
       SUBSTRING( MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 7) AS dealer,
  0.00+LEFT(      MAX( CONCAT(LPAD(price,6,'0'),dealer) ), 6) AS price
FROM   shop
GROUP BY article;

+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
|    0001 | B      |  3.99 |
|    0002 | A      | 10.99 |
|    0003 | C      |  1.69 |
|    0004 | D      | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+

最後例子當然能通過在客戶程式中分割連結的列使它更有效一點。

8.3.5 使用外鍵

不需要外鍵聯結2個表。

MySQL唯一不做的事情是CHECK以保証你使用的鍵確實在你正在引用表中存在,並且它不自動從有一個外鍵定義的表中刪除行。如果你像平常那樣使用你的鍵值,它將工作得很好!

CREATE TABLE persons (
    id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    name CHAR(60) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

CREATE TABLE shirts (
    id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    style ENUM('t-shirt', 'polo', 'dress') NOT NULL,
    color ENUM('red', 'blue', 'orange', 'white', 'black') NOT NULL,
    owner SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL REFERENCES persons,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Antonio Paz');

INSERT INTO shirts VALUES
(NULL, 'polo', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'dress', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID());

INSERT INTO persons VALUES (NULL, 'Lilliana Angelovska');

INSERT INTO shirts VALUES
(NULL, 'dress', 'orange', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'polo', 'red', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 'dress', 'blue', LAST_INSERT_ID()),
(NULL, 't-shirt', 'white', LAST_INSERT_ID());

SELECT * FROM persons;
+----+---------------------+
| id | name                |
+----+---------------------+
|  1 | Antonio Paz         |
|  2 | Lilliana Angelovska |
+----+---------------------+

SELECT * FROM shirts;
+----+---------+--------+-------+
| id | style   | color  | owner |
+----+---------+--------+-------+
|  1 | polo    | blue   |     1 |
|  2 | dress   | white  |     1 |
|  3 | t-shirt | blue   |     1 |
|  4 | dress   | orange |     2 |
|  5 | polo    | red    |     2 |
|  6 | dress   | blue   |     2 |
|  7 | t-shirt | white  |     2 |
+----+---------+--------+-------+

SELECT s.* FROM persons p, shirts s
 WHERE p.name LIKE 'Lilliana%'
   AND s.owner = p.id
   AND s.color <> 'white';

+----+-------+--------+-------+
| id | style | color  | owner |
+----+-------+--------+-------+
|  4 | dress | orange |     2 |
|  5 | polo  | red    |     2 |
|  6 | dress | blue   |     2 |
+----+-------+--------+-------+

網路出處:http://twpug.net/docs/mysql323/manual_Tutorial.html
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